26, 27 It has been suggested these differences in sleep, while subtle under baseline conditions, may increase in magnitude under biological or environmental challenges. Studies have shown pronounced gender differences in the occurrence of sleep disorders. These results indicate that a higher food intake close to the sleeping period is associated with negative aspects of sleep patterns in healthy individuals, especially in women. This study demonstrated that food intake, mainly in the evening period, is correlated with several variables related to sleep patterns (sleep efficiency, sleep latency, N2 sleep, REM sleep latency, REM percentage, and WASO). In women, negative associations were found between sleep efficiency and caloric, carbohydrate, and fat nocturnal intake, and REM sleep and nocturnal fat intake. In women, there were positive associations between sleep latency and caloric, protein, carbohydrate, and fat nocturnal intake REM sleep latency and caloric, carbohydrate, and fat nocturnal intake N2 sleep and caloric, carbohydrate, and fat nocturnal intake and WASO and caloric, and fat nocturnal intake. The correlation between dietary and sleep variables ( Table 2) in men indicated a negative association between nocturnal fat intake, and sleep efficiency, and REM sleep, and a positive association between nocturnal fat intake, and sleep latency, REM sleep latency, N2 sleep, and WASO. Women had reduced total sleep time (≤ 6 h) in comparison with normative data. Although there were no statistically significant differences between genders, the percentage of waking after sleep onset was higher and REM sleep was lower than normative data. Men had a significantly higher percentage of N1 sleep than did women. The data for the observed PSG measures by gender appear in Table 1. Adherence to these requests was assessed in the pre-PSG questionnaire.īMI, Body Mass Index REM, rapid eye movement WASO, wake after sleep onset. They were instructed to refrain from any extra exercise, evening tea or coffee, all alcohol, and naps. 24Įxcept for periods of exercise and PSG monitoring, the volunteers were asked to go about their normal daytime activities. In the results section, data were compared with normative data recommended by Carskadon and Dement. 23 Analyses included measures of total sleep time (TST), sleep latency, REM sleep latency, sleep efficiency, stages N1, N2, and N3 of NREM sleep and REM sleep, wake after sleep onset (WASO), AHI, oxygen saturation, and PLM. Interpretations of the PSG were performed according to standard criteria for sleep classification. The PSG used a thermistor and a nasal cannula to monitor the airflow, belts to monitor thoracic and abdominal effort, transcutaneous oximetry to record oxygen saturation, and a sensor tracking the position of the trunk during sleep. 22 Four channels were used for the electroencephalogram (EEG), 2 channels for the electrooculogram, and 2 channels for the electromyogram (submental and legs). The PSG was recorded using an EMBLA S7000 digital system (Embla Systems Inc, Medcare Flaga, Reykjavik, Iceland) in 30-sec epochs.Įlectroencephalographic recordings were performed according to the international 10-20 system. Sleep parameters were recorded by means of 2 PSGs in the laboratory. Volunteers arrived at the sleep laboratory at 21:30 for electrode attachment and went to bed at 23:00. Therefore, this study proposes to analyze the correlation between habitual food intake and sleep patterns in healthy individuals. 17, 18 Driver et al., 19 however, comparing the effect of an evening meal on nocturnal sleep in seven healthy men, did not find any effect. Some studies indicate an impairment of sleep quality when there is an excessive carbohydrate intake. Indeed, studies that have examined this matter are controversial and use different methodologies. 16 Although some studies show that short duration sleep changes the food intake pattern and may cause obesity, 9 – 11 few studies have analyzed whether the opposite casual sequence also occurs that is, if food intake promotes alterations in the sleep pattern. 12 Recent studies show that alterations in sleep time can influence various aspects associated with the nutritional and metabolic balance of the body, such as the control of body mass, 9, 11 food intake, 10, 13 glycemic levels, 14, 15 and the levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerol. Sleep curtailment has become common due to the demands and opportunities of modern society. 1 The etiology of this disease is multifactorial among the causes are changes in food intake, 2 life style, environment, 2, 3 and genetics, 4, 5 in addition to physiological 6 and psychological 7 influences and, more recently, alterations in sleep patterns. Obesity is becoming a worldwide epidemic.
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